between 53 and 65, the average being 50, vide para 64 of the Report on that election. It may be true that the percentage of votes cast at the last election to Basic Democracies was comparatively high, but this was not so at all places inasmuch as in the city of Karachi the percentage of voter cast in the Basic Democracies election, according to reply No. 3902 of the Research Officer of the Bureau of National Reconstruction, was as low as 35 in spite of high percentage of literacy of the voters and adequate communication facilities thus bringing down the all-Pakistan average to 55%: even in East Pakistan the average was 56% only. However, the higher percentage of voting at the election of Basic Democracies was mainly due to the location of polling stations generally within the voters' own areas and within reasonable distances from the voters' actual places of residence. If polling stations, in the case of direct election, are similarly located, and same result is likely to be achieved.
One more argument in favor of the indirect system is that it is less costly and simple to administer whereas, apart from being highly expensive, an election under the direct system is difficult to manage on account of a huge electorate in each constituency. On an examination of the detailed procedures of the two systems, it will appear that these supposed advantages of the indirect system are unreal. In the indirect method, primary election will be held first throughout the country. For holding the primary election, the following items of work, among others, shall have to be done:
(i) Preparation and printing of electoral rolls.
(ii) Preliminary publication of electoral rolls.
(iii) Revision of electoral rolls after hearing objections and suggestions.
(iv) Final publication of electoral rolls is revised.
(v) Invitation of nominations.
(vi) Scrutiny of nomination papers and hearing of appeals against rejection of nominations.
(vii) Publication of names of validly nominated candidates.
(viii) Printing of ballot papers, envelopes and statutory forms, ballot being secret under the Constitution.
(ix) Making of ballot boxes.
(x) Setting up of poling stations and polling booths.
(xi). Other matters incidental to the actual holding of election and publication of election results.
In the direct system as well, it shall be necessary to carry out only the aforesaid items of work and no more. The volume of the important item of work, namely, preparation and printing of electoral rolls will be, more or less, the same in both the systems. In either system, it shall be necessary to include the names of about 4 1/2 crores of adult's of Pakistan in the rolls after preliminary enquiry, and those rolls, after revision thereof, shall have to be printed and published. On an average, there are ten wards in the Union Council, each
