physical contiguity of this area to Tibet holds the Indians back, at any rate for the time being. At the lower Government levels, however, the operation may already have been mounted. The discovery of information that in the office of the Indian High Commission at Karachi, a large pile of pamphlets on the subject of differences between East and West Pakistan were seen recently is evidence of this belief. The Indian intelligence and the staff of the Indian High Commission in Karachi and at Dacca do not have clean hands. In the higher levels, the Indians may even be thinking that even without their active participation things are moving satisfactorily and that for the time being there is no need for them to step in openly.
Factors which will provide Resistance
Let us now turn to the forces in East Pakistan which will provide the natural buffer to the separations and other subversive trends. These forces may be described as the administration, the intellectuals, the middle class and the groups which are conservative, most of whom were wedded to the ideology of Pakistan. Economic improvement is an over-rated factor and even if it is achieved to any substantial extent, it cannot hold back a demand for a change. Revolutions or changes do not “occur in societies economically backward, of in societies undergoing widespread economic misery or depression", but on the country, they take place “in societies which are economically progressive". In fact, it is a safe generalization to make that the more prosperous the peasantry, the more discontented it becomes. Violent changes in a political order or system are brought about by other factors.
Revival of ideas which led to Pakistan Demand
The demand for a separate homeland for the Muslims of India was pressed by the last generation which had suffered first-hand from Hindu chicanery, pettiness and tyranny. That generation of men and women remembers the tricks which the Hindus used to practice vividly and knows what a calamity it will be if the Muslims are again exposed to the tender mercies of the Hindus. The younger generation which grew up since the partition is oblivious of these honors and is more magnanimous towards Hindus and is sympathetic to a move for a rapprochement between Muslims and Hindus. The majority of the older generation will stand by Pakistan at all cost. This generation, however, partly through inertia of age and partly through apathy is not so assertive so as to make its voice heard. The Muslim League which gave shape to the demand for Pakistan and brought the Muslim on a common platform is, unfortunately dead. its leaders having taken to bad ways. In East Pakistan the Muslim League, which stood for a united and closely-knit Pakistan, was killed much earlier and its place taken by parties consisting of slogan raising jingocs and Chauvin's and emotion curdles. If resistance is to be put up against the advocates of independent East Pakistan, the ideals and beliefs which the older generation stood for, must be re- generated.
The Ruling Class
"A mixture of military virtues, of respect for established ways of thinking and behavior and of willingness to compromise and, if necessary, to innovate is, probably,
