8') - ഇ هفت= aیت تح ته تعو gests==تے _ si -- 1 # * لم يصمد أمينتانا يتعاسة خسمة tion is then changed into this,—Is the useful the only want of our nature, the only idea upon which all the ideas of the understanding can be concentrated, the only view under which man considers all things, the only characteristic which he recognizes in thern ? No : it is a fact that, among all human actions, there are some that, besides their character of use k restrain liberty; as some aver; it develops ు : بت «۰ کی لاج شاه خ هاه romal liberty. تيتيتيتيتيتيتيتيتيتيكت The State does not ۔ ۔ہ ،. امیہ، ہیچ=علیہ ہے ہی بذ_--& requp and secures it, Besides, in primitive society, all men are necessarily unequal, by reason of their wants, their sentiments, their physical, intellectual, and moral faculties; but before the State, which considers men only as persons, as free beings, all men are equal, liberty béing equal toit ñd or hurtful, present still another, that self, and forming the only type, the only of being just or unjust ; a new character, measure of equality, which without liberty indeed, but real and as certain as the only a resemblance, that is, a diversiand quite as worthy, too, of admiration.jty. tt is then, with liberty, the The idol of the just is oue of the glor-basis of legal order and of this political ics of human nature. Man perceives it world, a creation of the genius of man, at first, but he porceives it only as a flashmore wonderful still than the actual world of lightning in the profound darkness of of industry compared with the primitive the primitive passion ; he secs it continual-world of nature. ly violated by the disorder of passions. But, indeed, human intelligence goes and conflicting interests. That which he still further than all this. It is again an has been pleased to call a state of incontestable fact, that in the infinite vanodule is only a state of war, where theoriety of exterior objects and human acts, right of the strongest rules, and where there are some that appear to us not only the idea of justice interposes only to be as useful or hurtful, as just or unjust, but trampled under foot by passion. But at as beautiful or ugly. The idea of the last this idea strikes also the mind of beautiful is as inherent in the human spirit man, and it correspouds so well with as that of the useful or that of the just. what is most deeply planted within him, Question yourself before a vast and tranthat little by little it becomes an impori. q is sea, hotore mountains with harmoni: ows necessity of his nature to realize it;ious contours, before the noble or graceful till, as before he had formed a new nature, face of Iman or woman, or when in c on. upon the idea of the useful, so now, in ti; pl.css of primitive society, where all was confounded, he creates a new society, on the bas's of a new idea, that of justice. .) usi ce constituted, is the State. The busin, ss of the State is to cause justice to ‘. . . . p...ted by force, upon the authority of ti,is idea inherent in that of justice, viz, that injustics: insist not only be restrained, hạt puni ited. The State does not take into c., odoro for the infinite variety of human onents that woo at variance in the confi ion and thaos of natural society. It sides out mbrace the whole man; it regards I.iii, only in his relation to the idea of the joist aid the anjust ; that is, as capable of committing to receiving an injustice, or rather as eapable of being impeded o, impeding others, either by fraud or violenço, in the exercise of free and voluntary agouey. Thence arise all duties and all legal rights. The only legal right is that of being respected in the peaceful oxercis. of liberty; the only duty, or at leagt the first of all, is to respect the liberty of others. Justice is nothing Inore templation of some irait of heroic di-vo tion. Once struck with the idea of the beautiful, İnan seizes upon it, disengages it, extends it, purifies it in his thought , by tho aid of this idea which exterior objects have suggested, he exatilines anew these same objects, and finds them, upon second view, inferior in some respects to the idea which they had themselves sug. gested. Even as the beneficent powers of nature appear to us at first only as mingled with frightful and disastrous phenom: ena which hide them from our view, and as justice and virtue are only as fugitive lights in the chaos of primitive society; so in the world of forms beauty is shown only in a manner which, in revealing it to tis, veils and disfigures it. What ah obscure, equivocal, incomplete image of the infinite is a vast sea or a huge mountain, that is, a great volume of water or a mass of rocks to The most beautiful object in the world has its "faults, the most charming face has its defects. How many unpleasant details connect beauty with matter 1... Heroish itself, the greatest aud. than this; justice is the maintenance of pureit of all beauties, heroism closely
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